The term **"Palestinian leaders"** primarily refers to the political figures and institutions representing Palestinians, most notably the **Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)** and the **Palestinian Authority (PA)**. The PLO acts as the internationally recognized representative of Palestinians worldwide, while the PA governs parts of the West Bank with limited autonomy, headquartered in Ramallah[1]. The PA was established in 1994 following the Oslo Accords and is dominated by factions such as Fatah, led by Mahmoud Abbas, who simultaneously heads the PA, the PLO, and Fatah. Abbas has been a central figure since 2004 but has been criticized for authoritarian tendencies, including postponing elections since 2006 and consolidating power through decrees, which has eroded democratic governance and popular legitimacy[1][2]. The PA also faces widespread allegations of corruption, nepotism, and inefficiency, leading to diminished trust among Palestinians[1][2]. Palestinian leadership is deeply fragmented, with Hamas governing Gaza independently since 2007, rejecting the PA’s authority. Internal divisions weaken the Palestinian national movement, complicating prospects for political reform and unity. Smaller factions like the Palestinian National Initiative advocate democracy, social justice, and peaceful resistance but lack significant political power due to the dominance of Fatah and Hamas[3]. Despite challenges, Palestinian leaders continue to engage internationally. In 2025, Mahmoud Abbas addressed the UN General Assembly, condemning violence and expressing willingness to govern Gaza without Hamas involvement, while accusing Israel of severe human rights violations[5]. However, his leadership remains highly contested domestically, particularly after the recent escalations in Gaza[2]. Palestinian leadership today is at a critical juncture, balancing internal fragmentation, external pressures, and the urgent need for reform to restore legitimacy, governance capacity, and unity amid ongoing conflict and humanitarian crises[3][5].